Influence of Circadian Rhythm on Thrombus Formation of Murine Deep Vein Thrombosis Model

Special Article - Thrombosis

Ann Hematol Oncol. 2017; 4(9): 1171.

Influence of Circadian Rhythm on Thrombus Formation of Murine Deep Vein Thrombosis Model

Nosaka M*, Ishida Y, Kimura A, Yamamoto H, Kuninaka Y, Shimada E, Okumoto K, Okada M, Hata S, and Kondo T

Department of Forensic Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Japan

*Corresponding author: Nosaka M, Department of Forensic Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan

Received: August 22, 2017; Accepted: September 09, 2017; Published: October 12, 2017

Abstract

Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism are major health problems associated with high mortality. In previous studies, how the time of therapy or drug delivery can impact treatment effect and outcomes. This study was to determine whether stasis-started time influenced thrombus formation and resolution response. The mice ligated at 12:00 PM had decreased survival rate than the mice ligated at 7:00 AM. The thrombus size of at 12:00 PM-ligated mice were larger than thrombi of at 7:00-AM-ligated ones. In 12:00 PM-ligated mice, the Mmp9 gene expressions were lower than 7:00 AM-ligated ones. The treatment time may affect response in mice receiving stasis for formation of thrombi. Subsequent chronotherapy studies in anticoagulant therapy should investigate the time of therapy or medication.

Keywords: Deep vein thrombosis; Pulmonary thromboembolism; Intravenous thrombus

Introduction

Deep vein thrombus (DVT) is a major problem as the cause of pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) from both clinical and forensic aspects, and it is multifactorial and often results from a combination of risk factors such as genetic conditions, obesity, drugs, pregnancy, aging, trauma, and malignancy. DVT is frequently complicated with severe morbidity, leading sometimes to mortality. But the start time of the event that was a critical turning point and severity of thrombosis was not clear. Recently, in the researches were performed on circadian rhythm or chronotherapy. In this study, we found out the influence of the time of surgical operation and stasis-state for thrombus formation using stasis-induced murine DVT model.

Methods

Mice

Pathogen-free 8- to 10-week-old male BALB/c mice were obtained from SLC and designated as WT mice in this study. All mice were bred and housed at a constant temperature (23±2 °C), with a 12-h light/dark cycle (light on at 8:00 AM and off at 8:00 PM). They were fed with standard feed and given water ad libitum. All animal experiments were approved by the Committee on Animal Care and Use at Wakayama Medical University.

Stasis-induced DVT model

Intravenous thrombus was induced as described previously. Briefly, after deep anesthesia with intraperitoneal injection of 2,2,2-tribromoethanol (Avertin, 240 mg/kg body weight), a 1-cm incision was made along the abdominal midline, and the inferior vena cava (IVC) was exposed and ligated with 3-0 silk suture. The abdominal wall was closed, and 1 ml of PBS was injected subcutaneously [1-3]. The ligation time was at 7:00 AM and at 12:00 PM. This operation was performed within 7 minutes to exclude an effect of the ligation time lag.

Immunohistochemical staining

Intravenous thrombi, obtained at the indicated time intervals after IVC ligation, were fixed in 4 % formaldehyde buffered with PBS (pH 7.2) and transversely cut in the middle of the thrombus, and paraffinembedded sections (4-μm thick) were made. Immunostaining was automatically performed by Ventana Discovery® XT (Ventana Medical Systems, Inc., AZ). The primary Abs were diluted with the blocking buffer (PBS containing 1% normal serum corresponding to the secondary Abs and 1 % bovine serum albumin) to reduce nonspecific reactions. Thereafter, the sections were reacted with anti- MPO mAbs at 37 °C for 60 min. After incubation with biotinylated secondary Absat 37 °C for 60 min, the DAB Map kit (Ventana Medical Systems, Inc., AZ) was used to visualize the antigens for all stains. Subsequently, all slides were counterstained with hematoxylin or lithium carbonate to visualize the nuclei [3-5].

Extraction of total RNAs and real-time RT-PCR

Real-time RT-PCR was performed as described previously. Briefly, total RNA was extracted from thrombi samples using ISOGEN (Nippon Gene) according to the manufacturer’s instructions, and 1 μg of total RNA was reverse transcribed into cDNA. Thereafter, generated cDNA was subjected to real-time PCR analysis using SYBR Premix Ex Taq II kit (Takara Bio) with the specific primers sets. Relative quantity of target gene expression to β-actin gene was measured by comparative Ct method [6].

Measurement of PT and APTT

At 7:00 AM or at 12:00 PM, the blood was obtained from the hearts of mice. These blood samples were taken with 3.8% citrate solution and centrifuged to obtain plasma samples. PT and APTT of citrated plasma samples were measured by using COAGSEARCH (A&T) according to the manufacturer’s instructions [6].

Results

We found out the mice reacted slowly to anesthesia at 7:00 AM, but reacted normally at 12:00 PM, without a bad influence for the operation on both time. The mice ligated at 12:00 PM had decreased survival rate than the mice ligated at 7:00 AM (Figure 1). And at 12:00 PM ligated dead mice had subungual hemorrhage and lung hemorrhage (Figure 2). But there were no significant differences on PT and APTT, between 7:00 AM-ligated mice and at 12:00 PM -ligated ones (Figure 3). The thrombus size of at noon-ligated mice was larger than thrombi of at 7:00-AM-ligated ones (Figure 4).