Research Article
Austin J Clin Ophthalmol. 2014;1(4): 1018.
Assessment of Choroidal Morphology and Vasculature in Healthy Young Saudi Adults
Haya Maatuoq Al Farhan*, Lulwah Ahmed Al Shibel and Mohammed Abdulmaboud
Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
*Corresponding author: Haya Maatuoq Al Farhan, Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, College of Applied Medicine Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia
Received: February 14, 2014; Accepted: March 12, 2014; Published: March 21, 2014
Abstract
Purpose: The aim of this prospective study was to assess choroidal morphology and vasculature in healthy young Saudi adults by spectraldomain optical coherence tomography imaging with confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (OCT–SLO).
Methods: Eyes with the most visible choroid—sclera junction in 110 consecutive healthy subjects (mean age = 30 ± 6.20 years; range = 20—40 years; 53 women) were imaged by one examiner using an Optos OCT–SLO system. Choroidal morphologic and vascular parameters were subjectively assessed by one experienced rater.
Results: All the eyes had normal foveal contour and no retinal or choroidal abnormalities. The choroid was thicker sub foveally than 750 µm nasally and temporally in all cases. Regression analysis indicated strong negative correlation between age and subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) (r= −0.81; P = 0.0001) and weak positive correlation between refractive error and SFCT (r = 0.10; P = 0.35). SFCT was greater in the female subjects (P = 0.04, paired t–test).
Conclusion: The subfoveal region is the thickest part of the choroid in healthy Saudi adults aged 20—40 years and is thicker in women. SFCT decreases by 5.54 µm per year of age and 1.58 µm per diopter increase in myopia.
Keywords: Subfoveal choroidal thickness; Choriocapillaris; Optical coherence tomography; Refractive error; age; Gender
Abbreviations
OCT: Optical Coherence Tomography; SLO: Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy; CT: Choroidal Thickness; SFCT: Sub Foveal Choroidal Thickness; CVL: Choroidal Vessel Layer; CCT: Chorio Capillaris Thickness; RPE: Retinal Pigment Epithelium.
Introduction
The choroid is a vascular pigmented tissue that extends from the ora serrata to the optic nerve. It plays an important role in most of the ocular blood supply and oxygen and nutrition distribution to the outer retinal layers [1]. Any disturbance in choroidal blood flow may lead to photoreceptor dysfunction and death. Several reports have described choroidal morphology of normal American [2,3], Japanese [4], Chinese [5], and Danish [6] populations. Assessment of the choroid in normal eyes would provide clinically relevant information on the effects of factors such as age and refractive error as well pathophysiologic conditions such as glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, and age–related macular degeneration [7].
Indocyanine green angiography allows visualization of choroidal vessels and blood flow below the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) from the posterior pole to the periphery as well as the vortex veins [8,9]. Laser Doppler flow metry is a noninvasive method for measuring hemodynamic parameters of the optic nerve head, iris, and subfoveal choroidal circulation [10,11]. However, these methods do not provide three–dimensional (3D) anatomic information on the RPE and choroid [2,12]. Recent reports have described examination and measurement of choroidal thickness in normal and pathologic states by spectral–domain optical coherence tomography (OCT), despite the choroid’s posterior location and presence of pigmented cells in the RPE that attenuate incident light [2,12]. The aim of this study was to assess choroidal morphology and vasculature in healthy young Saudi adults by spectral–domain OCT imaging with confocal canning laser ophthalmoscopy (SLO).
Subjects and Methods
Study design
This prospective study was conducted at Elite Medical & Surgical Centre in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia between September and December 2013. It adhered to the tenets of the 2008 Declaration of Helsinki, and the study protocol was approved by the research ethics review board of the College of Applied Medicine Sciences of King Saud University. Written consent was obtained from each participant after the purpose of the study was explained.
One hundred ten consecutive healthy adults (53 women) wererecruited. The exclusion criteria were existing ocular disease (e.g., corneal anomalies, cataract, glaucoma, retinopathy, or retinitis pigmentosa), prior intraocular surgery, intraocular pressure of ≥21 mmHg, and myopia or hyperopia with spherical equivalent more than 6.00 diopters [3]. Those with systemic disease (e.g., diabetes mellitus or hypertension) and taking any medication were also excluded. Comprehensive examinations were conducted by using a slit lamp. Spherical and cylindrical refractions and intraocular pressure were determined by auto refractometry (Auto Kerato–Refracto–Tonometer TRK–1P; Topcon Corporation, Tokyo, Japan).
Feature
%
Smooth convexity of choroid�sclera junction
77.37
Clear choroid�sclera junction
78.28
Maximum choroidal thickness subfoveally
100
Focal choroidal thinning
0.00
Even continuum of choroidal vessel size
96.63
Even distribution of large choroidal vessels in the nasotemporal plan
95.45
Table 1: Morphologic features of the choroid (N = 110) eyes.
Figure 1 :Scatter plot showing the relationship between age and SFCT (y = −5.54x + 466).
Parameter
750 �m temporally
Subfoveally
750 �m nasally
CT (�m)
290.50 � 45.45
306.59 � 46.61
282.09 � 45.64
Large CVL (�m)
247.86 � 43.70
258.22 � 44.09
242.59 � 43.77
Medium CVL/CCT ratio
42.81 � 13.24
48.36 � 12.78
39.5 � 13.21
Large CVL/CT ratio
0.05 � 0.85
0.05 � �0.84
0.05 � �0.86
Table 2: Vascular parameters of the choroid (N = 110 eyes).
OCT–SLO procedure
The OCT–SLO system (Optos, Scotland, UK) used in the study is a noncontact, noninvasive device indicated for 3D imaging and measurement of posterior ocular structures; its axial and transverse resolutions are <10 and 20 µm, respectively. It uses light generated by an infrared broadband superluminescent diode with a center wavelength of 830 nm. The interferometer combines the reflected light from the retina with the reflected light from a reference arm (mirror). A spectrometer with a linear charge–coupled device detects and measures the interference and sends the returned signal(s) to a computer that generates the OCT image.
For the study, the eye with the most visible choroid—sclera junction was selected in each subject [13]. The scan mode was 3D retinal topography, which collects a set of sequential B–scans and creates a 3D reconstructed image and topographic map of posterior ocular structures. Scanning was performed in a dark room by a single examiner. The patient’s head and chin were fixed and the patient was asked to fixate on a target for a few seconds without blinking. All images had an intensity of 6/10 or higher and were obtained as close to the fovea as possible to capture the thinnest part of the macula, thus avoiding minute differences in positioning and ensuring accurate assessment [13]. Finally, one experienced rater subjectively evaluated the resultant images.
Statistical analysis
Demographic data were analyzed by using Microsoft Excel 2007. Statistical software (SPSS 20; IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) was used for statistical analyses. The paired t–test was used for age and gender comparisons. Correlation coefficient and regression analysis were used to investigate the relationship of choroidal morphology with age and refractive error. The level of statistical significance was set at 0.05.
Results
The mean age of the subjects was 30 ± 6.20 years and age range was 20—40 years. Their mean spherical equivalent was −0.50 ± 1.25 diopters and their spherical equivalent ranges for myopia and hyperopia were plano to −5.50 diopters and plano to +2.00 diopters, respectively. All the imaged eyes show normal foveal contour and no retinal or choroidal abnormalities. The choroidal morphologic features are summarized in Table 1.
The choroid was thicker in the subfoveal region than in the 750– µm nasal and temporal regions. Table 2 summarizes the results of the vascular assessment of the choroid. Table 2.
To investigate the effect of age on subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT), the subjects were divided into two age groups. The paired t–test showed a significant difference between the 20—30 (n = 63) and the 31—40 (n = 47) age groups (335.24 ± 31.67 and 266.11 ± 32.12 µm, respectively; P < 0.001). The regression analysis indicated strong negative correlation between age and SFCT (r = −0.81; P < 0.0001) (Figure 1). Further, weak positive correlation was found between refractive error and SFCT (r = 0.10; P < 0.35) (Figure 2).
Figure 2: Scatter plot showing the relationship between refractive error and SFCT (y = 1.58x + 307.84).
Feature
Branchini et al. (%)
Present study (%)
Convex choroid�sclera junction
100
77.37
Clear choroid�sclera junction
92.8
78.28
Focal choroidal thinning
0
0
Even continuum of choroidal vessel size
97.6
96.63
Even distribution of large choroidal vessels in the nasotemporal plan
98.8
95.45
Table 3: Comparison of choroidal morphologic features between the present and the Branchini [3]. Studies.
Parameter
Branchini et al
Present study
750 �m temporally
Subfoveally
750 �m nasally
750 �m temporally
Subfoveally
750 �m nasally
CT (�m)
255.00 � 75.70
256.8 � 75.80
243.20 � 69.30
290.50 � 45.45
306.59 � 46.61
282.09 � 45.64
Large CVL (�m)
203.70 � 60.30
204.30 � 65.90
198.60 � 62.50
247.86 � 43.70
258.22 � 44.09
242.59 � 43.77
Medium CVL/CCT ratio
51.70 � 23.10
52.90 � 20.60
44.70 � 19.70
42.81 � 13.24
48.36 � 12.78
39.50 � 13.21
Table 4: Comparison of choroidal vascular parameters between the present and the Branchini [3] studies
Age groups
Ding 2011 [5]
The present study 2013
SFCT(�m)
20 � 30
293.51 �� 66.87
335.24 � 31.67
31 � 40
287.87 � 72.80
266.11 � 32.12
Sample size
210
110
Table 5: Comparison of SFCT according to age groups between the present and the Ding [5] studies.
SFCT was significantly greater in the female subjects than in the male subjects (314.72 ± 47.73 vs. 295.36 ± 43.49 µm; P = 0.04). The age difference between the male and the female subjects was also significant (29.94 ± 6.86 and 27.70 ± 6.70 years, respectively; P = 0.03).
Discussion
In this study, OCT images showed that more than 70% of the healthy eyes had a clear choroid—sclera junction. The choroid was the thickest subfoveally in all the eyes. No choroidal thinning was observed and the continuum of choroidal vessel size was even in most eyes (96.63%). The large choroidal vessels showed an even nasotemporal distribution in 95.45% of the eyes. All these features indicate that healthy Saudi adults aged 20—40 years have normal choroidal morphology and vasculature.
Our findings of choroidal morphology are similar to those of Branchini [3] (Table 3). The lesser convexity and clarity of the choroid—sclera junction in the present study might be explained by the fact that the assessments were performed subjectively by one rater. In the Branchini et al. study, two independent raters conducted the evaluations and a third acted as a mediator in case of disagreement. Further, different instruments were used in these studies [12].
With regard to choroidal vasculature (Table 4), the Branchini [3] findings are lower than our results, probably because of the subjective measurement and different age range in the present study. For instance, the mean age (range) of the present subjects was 30 ± 6.20 (20—40) years, whereas the mean age (range) in the Branchini, sample was 51.60 ± 21.02 (23—89) years. Further, the data of 42 subjects were pooled in the earlier study.
Considering age, SFCT differed slightly in this study compared with the Ding [5] study despite the same age grouping (Table 5). This could be explained by differences in ethnicity and instruments between the studies [12].
Margolis [12] reported slight negative correlation between SFCT and age (r = −0.42; P = 0.001) and that SFCT decreases by 1.56 µm for each year of age. However, strong negative correlation was found in the present study (r = −0.81; P = 0.0001), and regression analysis showed that SCFT decreases by 5.54 µm per year of age. These differences might be attributable to the techniques used to assess SFCT [7]. In case of refractive error, Ding [5] reported that SFCT is positively correlated with refractive error (r = 0.297; P < 0.05) and decreases by 10.87 µm for each diopter increase in myopia in subjects younger than 60 years. On the other hand, we found a very weak positive correlation (r = 0.10; P = 0.35) and that SFCT decreases by 1.58 µm for each diopter increase in myopia in subjects younger than 40 years. This discrepancy might be explained by the mean age of the samples. Previous studies have confirmed that SFCT decreases with aging especially beyond 60 years [3,14,15]. Furthermore, Ding [5] reported that SFCT is greater in men than in women, but our study showed that SFCT of women is slightly greater, possibly because of the significant age difference between the male and the female subjects (P = 0.03).
Conclusion
The subfoveal region is the thickest part of the choroid in healthy young Saudi adults. SFCT decreases by 5.54 µm annually and 1.58 µm for each diopter increase in myopia. Women have thicker choroid than men. In Saudi Arabia, the age range of 20 to 40 years includes a large portion of the population. Therefore, the results could be used as a reference for studies of the pathogenesis of choroidal diseases affecting this age group.
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